Diurnal Profile of Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (pPAH) Concentration in Urban Environment in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Traffic emits particles under 1 m. The particles arethe most responsible to particle-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (pPAH) which can impact human health. To assessthem as health hazards, we monitored diurnal changes in theconcentration and distribution of pPAH near roads in Tokyo.The total pPAH concentration was determined using aphotoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) which ionized PAH-adsorbingparticles. The total pPAH concentration was compared withchemical analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Two sampling sessions, one in August and one inSeptember 2000, were done at three sampling sites at the Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Monitoring was every two minutes for six consecutive days for the first session and for seven consecutive days for the second session.Correlation of the pPAH concentration with traffic flow andwith meteorological conditions were also assessed. The pPAHconcentration varied in the same manner on all days: it sharplyincreased in the early morning by a sudden burden of traffic, and it rapidly decreased during the daytime, probably owing tophotodegradation and/or dilution by rising in the mixingzone. The local wind field, and consequently thetransportation of pPAH from the road, were stronglyinfluenced by the configuration and location of thesurrounding buildings. The pPAH clearly changed in 1- and0.5 day cycles, particularly at the roadside.     

An Application and Evaluation of the CAL3QHC Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide Concentrations from Motor Vehicles Near a Roadway Intersection in Muscat,Oman

The CAL3QHC model was used to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from motor vehicles at an existing urban intersection (Star Cinema in Muscat area, Oman). The CO concentrations predicted from the model were compared with those measured in the field. Predicted average CO concentrations were found to compare favorably with measured values obtained at all eight receptors considered within the modeled intersection. In general, the comparison indicates good agreement with some underprediction for CO. For receptor 6, the model overpredicts the average CO concentration. This overprediction is associated with the presence of trees and green area in the location of receptor 6. In general, the measurements and the model results indicated that the highest CO concentrations were found to occur close to the intersection and, hence, a decrease in the concentration levels was seen as the distance from the road increased. The results indicated that the levels of CO were well below the ambient air quality standard and that probably no health risk was present in areas adjacent to the star cinema intersection. However, the predicted worst-case 1-h CO concentrations assuming inversion atmospheric stability conditions (class F) and wind speed of 1 m/s indicated that the levels of CO were close to or higher than the Omans National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) value of 35 ppm at all receptors considered. The results of this study are useful in transport development and traffic management planning.Published online.     

中美两国汽车驾驶安全影响因素研究

影响汽车驾驶安全的各国道路交通系统以及驾驶员的驾驶行为等存在着差异性 ,许多差异可以通过统计数据的分析 ,或者其他定量研究方法获取 ,但仍然有许多影响驾驶安全的因素难以发现。笔者通过焦点团体座谈会的方法 ,从驾驶者的角度 ,搜集并分析了中美两国驾驶安全的主要影响因素 ,以及具有美国驾驶经历会对我国驾驶员有何影响。通过中美两国定性数据的对比分析 ,得出了主要影响因素 ,与此同时 ,通过问卷调查定量地分析了这些因素的严重程度。     

铁路调度集中系统安全策略的研究

随着我国铁路调度集中系统的不断建设 ,系统的安全性问题日益突出 ,对于系统安全问题的研究 ,不仅关系到铁路的安全运营 ,更关系到铁路行业的安全形象。笔者通过对调度集中系统的研究 ,针对系统规模大、联动性强、安全问题多的特点 ,重点从安全管理和安全技术两方面进行分析 ,根据分析结果 ,提出了适合系统的安全策略 ;并对系统安全策略的两方面即安全管理策略和安全技术策略 ,分别进行了详尽的阐述 ;依据此安全策略 ,初步设计铁路运输调度指挥管理信息系统 (DMIS)的安全防护体系 ;并依照安全策略 ,对某铁路分局的调度指挥管理系统进行了设计和实施 ,有效地解决了DMIS的安全问题     

因果图和层次分析法在事故预防中的应用研究

通过引入因果图法和层次分析法,首先将导致事故发生的原因用因果图法进行分析和表示,然后根据一定的内在机理将因果图转换成AHP的层次结构模型,利用AHP严格的数学逻辑定量计算方法,求得各原因事件的权值,得出各原因事件导致事故发生的重要程度,从而确定影响事故发生的关键原因,进而作为事故预防的重点。以高速公路交通事故诊断为例,得出驾驶员的技术水平和安全意识是影响高速公路交通事故的主导因素的结论。结果表明,运用该法得出的结果符合实际,对事故预防有借鉴意义。     

基于视频技术的地点车速测定新方法

基于MPEG视频压缩技术的基本原理,提出了一种地点车速测定的新方法。该方法克服了雷达测速对测速角度要求苛刻、干扰正常行车而导致测量误差大的问题。借助普通的VTR录像机拍摄行车录像,应用视频处理软件VirtualDub,人工判读获取车辆接触两固定检测线的时间间隔,即可近似计算获得地点车速。实际应用中可通过调整两检测线的间距,来满足测速精度的要求。笔者还通过现场行车实验采集车速数据,进行了视频测速法与雷达测速法测速精度对比分析。     

考虑疏散安全的公共场所人员容量控制研究

利用已建立的大型公共场所人员疏散行为模型,首先针对案例超市Ⅰ,在考虑疏散安全的前提下,研究了公共场所中被疏散人员的个体差异、障碍物的数量和布局差异以及疏散出口的宽度等因素对人员容量的影响,得出了不能简单地通过计算建筑面积或营业面积与给定的人员密度的乘积来设置公共场所人员容量的结论。进一步针对案例超市Ⅱ,在假设其被疏散人员构成与案例超市Ⅰ一致的条件下,通过模拟对比两个案例超市的人员容量,验证了应用均一化的人员密度来控制不同公共场所人员容量的规定不具有普适性,公共场所人员容量的确定必须要根据具体场所的实际情况来具体分析。     

江苏省道路交通安全评价研究

笔者利用历年江苏省道路交通事故基本数据进行指标筛选,对道路交通安全状况采用灰色理论和主成分分析相结合的评价方法。从宏观角度,应用灰色聚类评价理论,对江苏省历年来道路安全发展趋势;横向结合统计软件SPSS采用主成分分析法,构造综合评价指标,比较研究江苏省各城市道路安全现状。新方法从纵向和横向对江苏省道路交通安全形势进行了较为全面的分析,取得较为满意的效果。     

基于TCT的平面交叉口灰色聚类评价方法

交通冲突技术是一种非事故统计评价方法,是以大样本、快速、定量研究评价交通安全现状与改善效果的特点而异于传统的事故统计评价方法.应用交通冲突技术,引入交通冲突与混合当量交通量的比值(TC/MPCU)作为评价指标,提出对以时均交通冲突和交通量数据为依据的交叉口进行安全评价的交通冲突灰色聚类评价法.以某市5个相似交叉口的实测值加以验证.     

杭州高架道路交通噪声污染现状与防治对策

对杭州上塘-中河高架道路临路第一排敏感点交通噪声监测结果表明,两侧敏感点噪声超标严重。在21个监测点中,昼间超标为8个,最大超标3.9dB,夜间21个点全部超标,最大超标16.2dB。根据噪声污染程度分级,上塘-中河高架道路交通噪声污染属中度污染水平。建设低噪声路面,设置隔声屏障,对敏感点采取安装通风隔声窗等措施,是缓解高架道路交通噪声污染的有效措施。